The claim I choose to discuss is that of the masses: “The Jews are poisoning the wells”. This statement is wrong on many accounts, but I will only discuss two. The first is the assumption that if people were dying, they were being poisoned, this was not so. The cause of the massive death toll was a plague. A flea-borne disease transmitted through direct contact with infected tissues, fluids from sick or dead animals, or respiratory droplets from humans. The second incorrect assumption was that if someone were poisoning the water, it had to be the Jews. This makes the statement seem somewhat inane. They were so many ethnicities around at the time if indeed the water were being poisoned it could have been anyone of them. They – the masses, grasped at straws looking for a cause to this vile sickness that was killing so many people and, unfortunately; fear and insanity creep in and replaced reason. In addition, the supporting evidence was non-existent. The confessions of tortured Jews seem rather comical as evidence; of course, they would get confessions out of the torture victims.
In concluding, I find that the underlying assumption for this claim by the masses “The Jews are poisoning the wells” may have been rooted in anti-Semitism. This prejudice characterized by a combination for religious, racial, cultural and ethnic biases against anything that is perceived has being different. At that point, in time Christians were considered to be the masses, hence; the Jews were accused.
Background Reading
In October 1347, Italian ships on the Black Sea en route to and from China dock in Messina, Sicily -- their crews are dead or dying. Whatever is killing them quickly spreads ashore. Within a month, it passes through Sicily and moves back out over water. By January 1348, it has penetrated France via Marseille and North Africa via Tunis, and by July 1348, it spreads through France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Eastern Hungary, and Southern England. This is all the more amazing given that at this time it took a person one to three months to travel from London to Rome. The plague died out in the winters and was resurrected in the springs. At the end of 1349, it had spread throughout the British Isles and Scandinavia and continued to move east.
The death toll was massive -- the "official" figure is one-third of Europe dead between 1348 and 1351, when it temporarily abated, but keep in mind that in some towns the death toll was 90 percent -- in others 10 percent. Further, the poor and anyone else living in close quarters (monks, for instance) died at a higher rate. Many monasteries were completely wiped out, but the death rates among the nobility and the nobility of the church were very low. Understandably, people wanted to know why this was happening to them. Here are the four prominent hypotheses of the day:
The claim of academics and physicians: The plague was the result of a triple conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars on March 20, 1345.
The Roman Catholic Church's claim: God's wrath -- it was a punishment for the people's sins.
The claim of the mayors and town-controlling nobles: Poor sanitation. Dumping waste in the streets leads to sickness (a revolutionary claim at the time -- no one actually knew this to be true).
The claim of the masses (i.e., everyone else): The Jews are poisoning the wells.
Here is the "evidence" used by each group, respectively, to support its claim:
Medicine at the time was based on astrology and astronomy. Most physical sickness was attributed to poor alignment of the stars. The conjunction had happened, and it was a rare celestial event. Other events had been tied to celestial causes. Many were waiting to see what the triple conjunction would cause, and when the Black Plague occurred, they felt that they had found out.
The Church said, "Look around." Plunder, looting, rape, prostitution, war, and drinking were everywhere. God's wrath had shown itself in destructive ways before -- the people of Noah's time were hit with a flood, and the people of Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed.
The sanitation workers were among the first to die, and other diseases were suspected to be related to poor sanitation.
Christians tortured "confessions" out of Jews. The Jews were believed to be "jealous" of the Christians (because, it was thought, the Jews knew "in their hearts" that they were damned). The lepers had been blamed for poisoning the wells and causing the typhus outbreak in 1320 (after the Black Plague, it was believed that the Jews set them up to it).
Here are some problems people at the time saw with the evidence:
Nobody but the academics and physicians believed their explanation!
If God's wrath already has descended, there's no reason to change one's behavior. The attitude was roughly, "If we're already doomed, why alter our behavior?"
Later sanitation workers appeared to be immune (unknown to the people, they'd been exposed and had developed a resistance). If it really was poor sanitation, why weren't they still dying? In fact, this immunity among sanitation workers caused many people to think the sanitation workers had magical powers. People followed them on their street-cleaning routes, trying to absorb some of the immunity. Others, more desperate, actually applied waste to themselves, thinking that it would keep the disease away.
So many Jews died too (Why would any community poison itself?). The other problem is that the plague was present in areas where no Jews lived.
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I agree that the statement "Jews are poisoning the wells" is false. Because I'm sure that even the jewish population was dying as well. That statement assumes that the jewish population was not being affected by the plague. But, I still don't get why the jews were the ones being pointed at for this plague? There were so many other people that could have been blamed for it.
ReplyDeleteYes that's true that it was a case of anti-semitism, but it is most important to understand why such a racial problem existed at this point. First, Jews were allowed to lend money at interest while this was considered unacceptable by the Catholic Church (this is why Jews became the great bankers of Europe in fact!) --this led to increasing hostility from Christians who could not make money by lending money. Second, there were widespread folktales that Jews would slaughter Christian babies and bathe in their blood, or bake their sabbatical bread with Christian infant blood; these tales tended to arise in times of great plague and superstition and were readily picked up by the masses.
ReplyDeleteWe see this in today's time as well with other cultures!