Background Reading

In October 1347, Italian ships on the Black Sea en route to and from China dock in Messina, Sicily -- their crews are dead or dying. Whatever is killing them quickly spreads ashore. Within a month, it passes through Sicily and moves back out over water. By January 1348, it has penetrated France via Marseille and North Africa via Tunis, and by July 1348, it spreads through France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Eastern Hungary, and Southern England. This is all the more amazing given that at this time it took a person one to three months to travel from London to Rome. The plague died out in the winters and was resurrected in the springs. At the end of 1349, it had spread throughout the British Isles and Scandinavia and continued to move east.

The death toll was massive -- the "official" figure is one-third of Europe dead between 1348 and 1351, when it temporarily abated, but keep in mind that in some towns the death toll was 90 percent -- in others 10 percent. Further, the poor and anyone else living in close quarters (monks, for instance) died at a higher rate. Many monasteries were completely wiped out, but the death rates among the nobility and the nobility of the church were very low. Understandably, people wanted to know why this was happening to them. Here are the four prominent hypotheses of the day:

The claim of academics and physicians: The plague was the result of a triple conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars on March 20, 1345.

The Roman Catholic Church's claim: God's wrath -- it was a punishment for the people's sins.

The claim of the mayors and town-controlling nobles: Poor sanitation. Dumping waste in the streets leads to sickness (a revolutionary claim at the time -- no one actually knew this to be true).

The claim of the masses (i.e., everyone else): The Jews are poisoning the wells.

Here is the "evidence" used by each group, respectively, to support its claim:

Medicine at the time was based on astrology and astronomy. Most physical sickness was attributed to poor alignment of the stars. The conjunction had happened, and it was a rare celestial event. Other events had been tied to celestial causes. Many were waiting to see what the triple conjunction would cause, and when the Black Plague occurred, they felt that they had found out.

The Church said, "Look around." Plunder, looting, rape, prostitution, war, and drinking were everywhere. God's wrath had shown itself in destructive ways before -- the people of Noah's time were hit with a flood, and the people of Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed.

The sanitation workers were among the first to die, and other diseases were suspected to be related to poor sanitation.

Christians tortured "confessions" out of Jews. The Jews were believed to be "jealous" of the Christians (because, it was thought, the Jews knew "in their hearts" that they were damned). The lepers had been blamed for poisoning the wells and causing the typhus outbreak in 1320 (after the Black Plague, it was believed that the Jews set them up to it).

Here are some problems people at the time saw with the evidence:

Nobody but the academics and physicians believed their explanation!

If God's wrath already has descended, there's no reason to change one's behavior. The attitude was roughly, "If we're already doomed, why alter our behavior?"

Later sanitation workers appeared to be immune (unknown to the people, they'd been exposed and had developed a resistance). If it really was poor sanitation, why weren't they still dying? In fact, this immunity among sanitation workers caused many people to think the sanitation workers had magical powers. People followed them on their street-cleaning routes, trying to absorb some of the immunity. Others, more desperate, actually applied waste to themselves, thinking that it would keep the disease away.

So many Jews died too (Why would any community poison itself?). The other problem is that the plague was present in areas where no Jews lived.

Thursday, February 19, 2009

"The Jews poisoned the wells"

I have chosen the last (but not least) "reason" for the Black Plague discussed in the blog. Please, find my short analysis of logical fallacies presented in the "evidence" below.

Logical fallacy #1: “Christians tortured "confessions" out of Jews.” The argument commits Appeal to Force fallacy. It makes no attempt to provide for the validity of the claim through any formal analysis, but asserts the righteousness of the claim by means of fire, scaffolds and swords. As cynical and cruel as it was, the oblivious masses were satisfied with the Jewish cries of desperation obtained under “Say it or Die now” condition. Obviously, the Medieval Do-Gooders religiously believed in the Exitus Acta Probat principle (lat. for “the outcome justifies the means.”) Interestingly enough, the majority of the Jews did not cooperate with those persecuting them by giving false self-incriminating testimonies but chose death instead. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia “… the Jews for the first time took active measures against their oppressors ... but finding the task of freeing themselves hopeless, they barricaded themselves in their dwellings, and when the alternative of starvation or baptism faced them, set fire to their houses and perished in the flames.”[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1114&letter=B]


Logical fallacy #2: “The Jews were believed to be "jealous" of the Christians (because, it was thought, the Jews knew "in their hearts" that they were damned).” This argument is a great example of the Appeal to Popularity logical fallacy. The mere fact of popularity of a certain idea does not prove or disprove of its validity (E.g. the geocentric system of universe of the Medieval ages.) In fact, jealousy does look to have played a key role in the issue but from the other end. In contrast to mostly Christian European peasants of the time, who were poor and illiterate, the Jews represented the class of urban bourgeois that engaged in the business of trading goods and money lending. The peasants seemed to have found a scapegoat for their misfortunes and been blinded by the jealousy for Jewish wealth and lifestyle set out on their crusade.


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2 comments:

  1. Aiyu LiFebruary 19, 2009 at 7:39 PM

    In bible Acts 17:5 is actuary wrote that “But the Jews became jealous, and they took some contemptible characters who used to hang out in the public square, formed a mob, and started a riot in the city. They attacked Jason's home and searched it for Paul and Silas in order to bring them out to the people.” Therefore, historical, “The Jews were believed to be jealous” comes from the Christian’s bible, not a make up statement by anyone else. I agree with you that it is the wealth course the hatred between Jews and other people – it still exists now though.

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  2. Maksim RakhmanFebruary 21, 2009 at 9:47 PM

    Yes Aiyu, you are right.

    This is another quote, that happens to be my favorite.

    Gospel from Mark 4:9-11

    4:9 When he was alone, the Twelve and the others around him asked him about the parables.
    4:10 He told them, "The secret of the kingdom of God has been given to you. But to those on the outside everything is said in parables
    4:11 so that,
    " 'they may be ever seeing but never perceiving,
    and ever hearing but never understanding;
    otherwise they might turn and be forgiven!

    The Bible texts are truly an enigma for us, "those on the outside". And it often amuses me to see how a lot of people titilate their delusion of grandeour by making judgements upon their superficial reading of the Bible and bluntly act upon those judgements of which history, unfortunately, has an abundance of examples.

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